Too many questions at one time.... You may find these answers in any Electronics book. By the way, One way of understanding the basic operation of a bipolar transistor is by looking at its \"Vce-Ic curves\", i.e., the plots of its collector current (Ic) versus the voltage (Vce) across its collector and emitter for different values of base current (Ib). These curves are derived from a transistor in common-emitter configuration, and basically describe the transistor\'s common-emitter output characteristics.